Adam Smith
Adam Smith (5 juin 1723 - 17 juillet 1790) est un philosophe et économiste écossais des Lumières. Il est considéré comme le père de la science économique moderne.
Théorie des sentiments moraux (1759)
modifier- Théorie des sentiments moraux. (1759), Adam Smith, éd. PUF, 1999, p. 252
Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms (1763)
modifier- Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms. (1763), Adam Smith, éd. Adamant Media Corporation, 1976, p. 223
Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations (1776)
modifierL'ouvrage Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations se compose :
Livre I
modifier- (en) To take an example, therefore, from a very trifling manufacture; but one in which the division of labour has been very often taken notice of, the trade of the pin-maker; a workman not educated to this business (which the division of labour has rendered a distinct trade), nor acquainted with the use of the machinery employed in it (to the invention of which the same division of labour has probably given occasion), could scarce, perhaps, with his utmost industry, make one pin in a day, and certainly could not make twenty. But in the way in which this business is now carried on, not only the whole work is a peculiar trade, but it is divided into a number of branches, of which the greater part are likewise peculiar trades. One man draws out the wire, another straights it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving, the head; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations; to put it on is a peculiar business, to whiten the pins is another; it is even a trade by itself to put them into the paper; and the important business of making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them. I have seen a small manufactory of this kind where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations. But though they were very poor, and therefore but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, they could, when they exerted themselves, make among them about twelve pounds of pins in a day. There are in a pound upwards of four thousand pins of a middling size. Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upwards of forty-eight thousand pins in a day. Each person, therefore, making a tenth part of forty-eight thousand pins, might be considered as making four thousand eight hundred pins in a day. But if they had all wrought separately and independently, and without any of them having been educated to this peculiar business, they certainly could not each of them have made twenty, perhaps not one pin in a day; that is, certainly, not the two hundred and fortieth, perhaps not the four thousand eight hundredth part of what they are at present capable of performing, in consequence of a proper division and combination of their different operations.
- Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations (1776), Adam Smith (trad. Germain Garnier), éd. Otto Zeller, 1966, t. 1, chap. 1, livre 1, p. 7-8 (texte intégral sur Wikisource)
- Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations (1776), Adam Smith (trad. Germain Garnier), éd. Otto Zeller, 1966, chap. 8, livre 1, p. 108 (texte intégral sur Wikisource)
- Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations (1776), Adam Smith (trad. Germain Garnier), éd. Otto Zeller, 1966, chap. 10, livre 1, p. 169-170 (texte intégral sur Wikisource)
- Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations (1776), Adam Smith (trad. Germain Garnier), éd. Otto Zeller, 1966, chap. 11, livre 1, p. 322-323 (texte intégral sur Wikisource)
- Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations (1776), Adam Smith (trad. Germain Garnier), éd. Otto Zeller, 1966, chap. 11, livre 1, p. 324 (texte intégral sur Wikisource)
- (en) It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love.
- Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations (1776), Adam Smith (trad. Germain Garnier), éd. Otto Zeller, 1966, t. 1, chap. 2, livre 1, p. 19 (texte intégral sur Wikisource)
- (en) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith, éd. Regnery Gateway, 1999 (ISBN 0895263351), chap. 2, Book I, p. 14 (texte intégral sur Wikisource)
Livre II
modifier- Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations (1776), Adam Smith (trad. Germain Garnier), éd. Otto Zeller, 1966, t. 2, chap. 2, livre 2, p. 36 (texte intégral sur Wikisource)
Livre III
modifier- Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations (1776), Adam Smith (trad. Germain Garnier), éd. Otto Zeller, 1966, chap. 2, livre 3, p. 509 (texte intégral sur Wikisource)
Livre IV
modifier- (en) By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good. It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be employed in dissuading them from it.
- Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations (1776), Adam Smith (trad. Germain Garnier), éd. Otto Zeller, 1966, t. 2, chap. 2, livre 4, p. 35 (texte intégral sur Wikisource)
- (en) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith, éd. Penguin Classics, 1986 (ISBN 0140436154), vol. Books IV-V, chap. 2, book IV, p. 32 (texte intégral sur Wikisource)
Cité par
modifierKarl Marx
modifier{KM : il y a de la value [valeur], coûte donc un équivalent, mais ne produit aucune values}
« et ne fixe ni ne se réalise dans un objet durable ou un marchandise vendable ... [...] Ce sont les serviteurs de la société et ils sont entretenus par une partie du produit annuel résultant de l'activité d'autres personnes. »
{KM : [Adam Smith cible l'état, les souverains, les officiers, l'armée et la flotte, le clergé, les fonctionnaires, les savants, les maîtres d'école, les artistes. Or Karl Marx observe que] « dès que la bourgeoisie a conquis tout le terrain » [...] « la bourgeoisie cherche à justifier, sur le plan « économique », de son propre point de vue, ce qu'elle avait combattu et critiqué naguère.}
- in Karl Marx Théorie sur la plus-value (tome 1), Adam Smith in Karl Marx (trad. sous la direction de Gilbert Badia), éd. « éditions sociales », coll. « les essentielles », 1974-1976 (en 3 livres), 2024 (réédition en 1 livre), p. 344
Citations sur Adam Smith
modifier- Comment l'économie est devenue une religion : des marchés et des dieux (2018), Stéphane Foucart, éd. Gallimard, coll. « Folio », 2020 (ISBN 978-2-07-282664-1), p. 167
- Éloge de l'amoralité rapportée de Bernard Mandeville.
- « Un libéralisme pervers », Gérard Leclerc (philosophe), Royaliste (ISSN 0151-5772), nº 1018, 17 septembre au 30 septembre 2012, p. 9